Ø PHARMACEUTICS
ü Introduction to Physical pharmacy
Matter, Properties of Matter:
State of matter, change in the state
of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point,
Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid.
complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and
polymorphism.
Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:
Particle size and distribution,
average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods
for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical
microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific
surface area; methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption,
derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities,
bulkiness & flow properties.
Surface
and Interfacial Phenomenon:
Liquid interface, surface and
interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and
interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces,
surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency,
adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex
films, electrical properties of interface.
Viscosity
and Rheology:
Newtonian systems, Law of flow,
kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-Newtonian systems:
pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
negative thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational
viscometers.
Dispersion
Systems:
Colloidal dispersions: Definition,
types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in
pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended
particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian
motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters,
wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured
vehicles, rheological considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical
stability.
Complexation:
Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis,
applications.
Kinetics
and Drug Stability:
General considerations &
concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic
species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.
Importance
of microbiology in pharmacy
Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their taxonomy:
Actinomycetes, bacteria,
rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses;
Identification
of Microbes:
Stains and types of staining
techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria,
actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; Microbial genetics and variation;
Control
of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
Disinfection, factors influencing
disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and
their evaluation;
Sterilization:
different methods, validation of
sterilization methods & equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical
products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.
Immunology
and Immunological Preparations:
Principles, antigens and heptans,
immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance,
antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and
passive immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and
storage.
Genetic
Recombination:
Transformation, conjugation,
transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development
of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by
biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc;
Antibiotics:
Historical development of
antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their standardization.
Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design,
control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate
of mutation. Design of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products
with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins tetracyclines and vitamin
B12.
ü Introduction to pharmaceutical
jurisprudence & ethics
Pharmaceutical
Legislations:
A brief review; Drugs &
Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education - A brief
review;
An
elaborate study of the followings:
Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act
1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal & Toilet
Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic
Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order;
A
brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions
and the latest amendments:
Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic
Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960;
States Shops & Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE
Act 1987; Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970.
A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products.
Medical/Surgical accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the
market.
ü Introduction to dispensing and
community pharmacy
Prescription:
Handling of prescription, source of
errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including
labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including
labeling of dispensed products; Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology,
calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and
reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof
spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc;
Principles
involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :
Typical prescriptions like mixtures,
solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes, jellies,
suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments,
inhalations, paints sprays tablet triturates, etc;
Incompatibilities:
Physical and chemical
incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of
metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities.
Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary
ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface
active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities;
Community
Pharmacy:
Organization and structure of retail
and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design, legal requirements
for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary
products, maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling,
role of pharmacist in community health care and education (First aid,
communicable diseases, nutrition, family planning).
Organization
and Structure of hospital pharmacy:
Organization of a hospital and
hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and
therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.
Hospital
Formulary:
Contents, preparation and revision
of hospital formulary.
Drug
Store Management and Inventory Control:
Organization of drug store, Types of
materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control
principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking;
Drug
distribution Systems in Hospitals:
Out-patient dispensing, methods
adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution
systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients;
Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies;
Central
Sterile Supply Unit and their Management:
Types of materials for
sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization
equipments, Supply of sterile materials.
Manufacture
of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:
Policy making of manufacturable
items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice,
Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.
Drug
Information Services:
Sources' of Information on drugs,
disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information, Computerized services
(e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of
medication errors, correction and reporting.
Records
and Reports:
Prescription filling, drug profile,
patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions,
idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics,
different methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics.
Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological
studies, advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.
Nuclear
Pharmacy:
Methods of handling radioisotopes,
radioisotope committee.
ü Importance of unit operations in
manufacturing, Stoichiometry:
Unit
processes
Material and energy balances,
molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole volume, primary
and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady
states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups,
different types of graphic representation, mathematical problems.
Fluid
Flow:
Types of flow, Reynold's number,
Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves,
flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.
Heat
transfer:
Concept of heat flow, applications
of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface coefficients, boiling
liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation,
black body, Stefan Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.
Evaporation:
Basic concept of phase equilibria,
factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and
multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.
Distillation:
Roult's
law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations,
principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of
theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.
Drying:
Moisture content and mechanism of
drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification and
types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying
methods.
Size
Reduction:
Definition, objectives of size
reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws
governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer
mill, fluid energy mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size
separation, sieves, sieve shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag
fillers etc.
Mixing:
Theory of mixing, solid-solid,
solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
Filtration
and Centrifugation:
Theory of filtration, continuous and
batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter
press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration,
filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of
centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters;
Crystallization:
Characteristics of crystals
like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting
them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances
around Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Supersaturation, theory and its
limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types of
Crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum,
circulating magma and Krystal Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its
prevention. Numerical problems on yields;
Dehumidification
and Humidity Control:
Basic concepts and definition, wet
bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and measurement
of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for
dehumidificat4ion operations;
Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning:
Principle and applications of
refrigeration and air conditioning;
Material
of Construction :
General study of composition,
corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of
construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.
Material
Handling Systems:
Liquid handling - Different types of
pumps, Gas handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors, Solid
handling-Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.
Corrosion:
Classification, mechanism of
corrosion, factors affecting, prevention and control.
Plant
location:
Layout, utilities and services.
Industrial
Hazards and Safety Precautions:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical,
fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.
Automated
Process Control Systems:
Process variables, temperature,
pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements; elements of automatic
process control and introduction to automatic process control systems; elements
of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors
design for chemical reactions.
ü Dosages Forms, designing &
evaluation
Liquid
Dosages Forms:
Introduction, types of additives
used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents,
emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing
packaging, labeling, evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions
official in pharmacopoeia;
Semisolid
Dosage Forms:
Definitions, types, mechanisms of
drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their
selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing
procedure, evaluation and packaging;
Suppositories:
Ideal requirements, bases,
displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation;
Extraction
and Galenical Products:
Principle and method of extraction,
preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts;
Blood
Products and Plasma Substitutes:
Collection, processing and storage
of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human
fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin, foam
plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran etc. for control of blood
pressure as per I.P.;
Pharmaceutical
Aerosols:
Definition, propellants, general
formulation, manufacturing' and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications;
Ophthalmic
Preparations:
Requirements, formulation, methods
of preparation, labeling, containers, evaluation;
Cosmeticology
and Cosmetic Preparations:
Fundamentals of cosmetic science,
structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation, preparation and
packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations
like nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care
products etc.
Capsules:
Advantages and disadvantages of
capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin capsules, size of
capsules, formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell
and capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in
soft capsules, quality control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage
forms.
Micro-encapsulation:
Types of microcapsules, importance
of microencapsulation in pharmacy, microencapsulation by phase separation,
coacervation, multi-orifice, spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization
complex emulsion, air suspension technique, coating pan and other techniques,
evaluation of micro capsules.
Tablets:
Advantages and disadvantages of
tablets, Application of different types of tablets, Formulation of different
types of tablets, granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques,
different types of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed,
evaluation of tablets. Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film forming
materials, formulation of coating solution, equipments for coating, coating
process, evaluation of coated tablets. Stability kinetics and quality
assurance.
Parenteral
Products:
Pre-formulation factors, routes of
administration, water for injection, and sterile water for injection,
pyrogenicity, non aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment,
Formulation details, Containers and closures and selection, labeling;
Pre-filling treatment, washing of containers and closures, preparation of
solution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion
fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for
large scale manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic
Techniques-source of contamination and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic
area, Laminar flow bench services and maintenance. Sterility testing of
pharmaceuticals.
Surgical
products:
Definition, primary wound dressing,
absorbents, surgical cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, adhesive tape,
protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and
non-absorbable sutures, ligatures and catguts.
Packaging
of Pharmaceutical Products:
Packaging components, types,
specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging.
Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and
official requirements for containers, package testing.
Designing
of dosage forms:
Pre-formulation studies, Study of
physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape, density,
wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic
properties and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability.
Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction,
racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and
stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to
stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development
and process validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the
production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to tablets,
suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various
pharmaceutical products. ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.
Performance
evaluation methods:
In-vitro dissolution studies for
solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data. Bioavailability
studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of
evaluation and statistical treatment. GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit.
Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended
release formulations.
ü Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetcs
Introductiont
to biopharmaceutics:
Passage of drugs across biological
barrier (passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, ion-pair
formation and pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological,
physico-chemical, physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the
body, plasma protein binding.
Pharmacokinetics:
Significance of plasma drug
concentration measurement. Compartment model- Definition and Scope.
Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption - Zero order and first order absorption
rate constant using Wagner-Nelson and residual methods. Volume of distribution
and distribution coefficient. Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two
compartment models. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and
urine data after drug administration by intravascular and oral route. Clearance
concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance.
Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra-hepatic
circulation. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one
compartment model after I.V. drug administration.
Clinical
Pharmacokinetics:
Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment
in patients with and without renal and hepatic failure; Design of single dose
bio-equivalence study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug
interactions and their significance in combination therapy.
Bioavailability
and bioequivalence:
Measures of bioavailability, Cmax,
tmax, Keli and Area Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single dose bioequivalence
study and relevant statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for conducting
bioequivalent studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.
Ø PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
ü Inorganic pharmaceutical &
medicinal chemistry
Importance
of inorganic compounds in pharmacy and medicine;
An outline of methods of
preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity,
including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate
and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals
included in Indian Pharmacopoeia:
Gastrointestinal
Agents:
Acidifying agents, Antacids,
Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics;
Major
Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes:
Physiological ions. Electrolytes
used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy;
Essential
and Trace Elements:
Transition elements and their
compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and haematinics, mineral
supplements; Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for
systemic effects;
Topical
Agents:
Protectives, Astringents and
Anti-infectives;
Gases
and Vapors:
Oxygen, Anesthetics (inorganic) and Respiratory
stimulants;
Dental
Products:
Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents;
Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy;
Miscellaneous
Agents:
Sclerosing agents, Expectorants,
Emetics, Inorganic poisons and antidotes.
Pharmaceutical
Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Anti-oxidants, Preservatives, Filter
aids, Adsorbents, Diluents, Excipients, Suspending agents, Colorants;
Acids,
Bases and Buffers:
Buffer equations and buffer capacity
in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered
isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of
adjusting isotonicity. Water;
Inorganic
Radiopharmaceuticals:
Nuclear reaction, radioisotopes,
radiopharmaceuticals, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their standards and
units of activity, half-life, measurement of activity, clinical applications,
dosage, hazards and precautions.
ü Physical Chemistry and its
importance in pharmacy
Importance
of basic fundamentals of physical chemistry in pharmacy:
Behaviour of Gases, Kinetic theory
of gases, deviation from ideal behavior and explanation;
The
Liquid State:
Physical properties (surface
tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment);
Solutions:
Ideal and real solutions, solutions
of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient, conductance
and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory;
Thermodynamics:
First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth
law, Concept of free energy, enthalpy and entropy, absolute temperature scale;
Thermochemical
equations; Phase rule; Adsorption:
Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption,
isotherms, Langmuir’s theory of adsorption;
Photochemistry:
Consequences of light absorption,
Jabolenski diagram, Quantum efficiency;
Chemical
Kinetics:
Zero, First and Second order
reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristics of
homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis;
Quantum
Mechanics :
Postulates of quantum mechanics,
operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation.
ü Organic Chemistry and its importance
in pharmacy
Importance
of fundamentals of organic chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; Structure and
Properties:
Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals,
Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals, Bonding and
Anti-bonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces,
Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, Structure
and physical properties, Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases;
Stereochemistry:
Nomenclature, isomerism, stereoisomerism,
conformational and configurational isomerism, optical activity, specification
of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality, conformations;
Stereoselective
and stereospecific reactions; Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation and
Reactions of:
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic
analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl
halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones,
Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes
and nitrenes;
Nucleophilic
and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:
Reactivity and orientation;
Electrophilic
and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Rearrangements
(Beckman, Hoffman, Benzilic acid,
pinacole-pinacolone and Beyer-Villiger);
Elimination
reactions; Conservation of Orbital Symmetry and Rules:
Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and
Sigmatropic reactions;
Neighboring
group effects; Catalysis by transition metal complexes; Heterocyclic Compounds:
Nomenclature, preparation,
properties and reactions of 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7-membered heterocycles with one
or two heteroatoms like 0, N, S. Chemistry of lipids, Carbohydrates and
Proteins.
ü Biochemistry
Biochemistry
in pharmaceutical sciences:
The concept of free energy,
Determination of change in free energy - from equilibrium constant and
reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological
significance;
Enzymes:
Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and
their mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in
clinical diagnosis;
Co-enzymes:
Vitamins as co-enzymes and their
significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; Carbohydrate
Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis,
fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis,
Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in
biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway;
The
Citric Acid Cycle:
Significance, reactions and
energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid
cycle;
Lipids
Metabolism :
Oxidation of fatty acids,
ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their
utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of
lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins,
thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis
of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens, progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids
and bile acids;
Biological
Oxidation:
Redox-potential, enzymes and
co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, The respiratory
chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetics of oxidative
phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation,
Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation;
Metabolism
of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers:
Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis of
amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to specialized
products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea. cycle, metabolic disorders of urea
cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids;
Purine
biosynthesis:
Purine nucleotide inter-conversions;
Pyrimidine
biosynthesis:
and formation of deoxyribounucleotides;
Biosynthesis
of Nucleic Acids:
Brief introduction of genetic
organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic
material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications;
Mutation:
Physical & chemical
mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism. Biosynthesis of RNA;
Genetic
Code and Protein Synthesis:
Genetic code, Components of protein
synthesis and Inhibition of protein synthesis.
ü Medicinal Chemistry
Basic
Principles:
Physico-chemical and stereoisomeric
(Optical, geometrical) aspects of drug molecules and biological action,
Bioisosterism, Drug-receptor interactions including transduction mechanisms;
Drug
metabolism and Concept of Prodrugs; Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical
Aspects):
Traditional analog and mechanism
based approaches, QSAR approaches, Applications of quantum mechanics, Computer
Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modeling;
Synthetic
Procedures, Mode of Action, Uses, Structure Activity Relationships including
Physicochemical Properties of the Following Classes of Drugs:
Drugs acting at synaptic and
neuro-effector junction sites: Cholinergics, anti-cholinergics and
cholinesterase inhibitors, Adrenergic drugs, Antispasmodic and anti-ulcer
drugs, Local Anesthetics, Neuromuscular blocking agents;
Autacoids:
Antihistamines, Eicosanoids,
Analgesic-antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.
Steroidal
Drugs:
Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) and
stereochemistry, Androgens and anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational
agents, Oral contraceptives, Adrenocorticoids;
Drugs
acting on the central nervous system:
General Anesthetics, Hypnotics and
Sedatives, Anticonvulsants, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Psychopharmacological
agents (Neuroleptics, Anti-depressants, Anxiolytics), Opioid analgesics,
Anti-tussives, CNS stimulants;
Diuretics;
Cardiovascular drugs:
Anti-hypertensives, Anti-arrythmic
agents, anti-anginal agents, Cardiotonics, Anti-hyperlipedemic agents,
Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet drugs;
Thyroid
and Anti thyroid drugs; Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents;
Chemotherapeutic Agents used in
bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, parasitic and other infections,
Antibiotics: ß-Lactam, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polypeptide
antibiotics, fluoroquinolones,
Anti-metabolites
(including sulfonamides);
Anti-neoplastic agents; Anti-viral agents (including anti–HIV);
Immunosuppressives
and immunostimulants; Diagnostic agents; Pharmaceutical Aids; Microbial
Transformations:
Introduction, types of reactions
mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection
of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special
reference to steroids;
Enzyme
Immobilization:
Techniques of immobilization,
factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidase,
penicillinase, streptokinase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of
bacteria and plant cells.
Different
techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions:
Significant figures, Rules for
retaining significant digits, Types of errors, Mean deviation, Standard
deviation, Statistical treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample,
Precision and accuracy,
ü Pharmaceutical Analysis
Fundamentals
of volumetric analysis:
methods of expressing concentration,
primary and secondary standards:
Acid
Base Titrations:
Acid base concepts, Role of
solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass
action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts,
Henderson-Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves,
Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed
indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid
titrations;
Oxidation
Reduction Titrations:
Concepts of oxidation and reduction,
Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing
agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations,
Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and
Iodometry, Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate,
potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride
and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol;
Precipitation
Titrations:
Precipitation reactions, Solubility
product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a
precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or
potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators,
Methods of end point determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's
method and Fajan's method).
Gravimetric
Analysis:
Precipitation techniques, The
colloidal state, Supersaturation, Co-precipitation, Post-precipitation,
Digestion, washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles,
Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate,
aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as
magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants;
Non-aqueous
titrations:
Acidic and basic drugs, Solvents
used, Indicators;
Complexometric
titrations;
Complexing agents used as titrants,
Indicators, Masking and demasking;
Miscellaneous
Methods of Analysis:
Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl
method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, Oxygen flask combustion
method, Gasometry;
Extraction
procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry:
Standard redox potential, Nernst
equation, Half-cell potential, Standard and indicating electrodes,
potentiometric titrations;
Conductometry:
Specific and equivalent conductance,
conductometric titrations;
Coulometry:
Coulomb’s law, Coulometric
titrations at fixed potential/current;
Polarography:
Decomposition potential, Half-wave
potential, Diffision/migration/migration current, Ilkovic equation, Cathodic/anodic
polarography, Dropping mercury electrode, Graphite electrode, Organic
polarography;
Amperometry:
Rotating platinum electrode,
Amperometric titrations;
Chromatography:
Theory of chromatography, plate
theory, Factors affecting resolution, van Deemter equation, The following
chromatographic techniques (including instrumentation) with relevant examples
of Pharmacopoeial products: TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chromatography and
Column Chromatography;
The
Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of
Spectra, and Applications (quantitative and qualitative) of the Following
Analytical Techniques:
Ultraviolet and visible
spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry, Infrared spectrophotometry, Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only), Flame Photometry,
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, Radioimmunoassay.
Quality
assurance:
GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review
and Quality documentation, Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis,
interpretation of analytical data, Validation, quality audit: quality of
equipment, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.
Ø PHARMACOLOGY
Pathophysiology
of common diseases; Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations:
Causes of Cellular injury,
pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death.
Basic
Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair:
Vascular and cellular events of
acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation, pathogenesis of chronic
inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.
Immunopathophysiology:
T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen
presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions,
autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis.
Pathophysiology
of Common Diseases:
Asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid
arthritis, gout, ulcerative colitis, neoplasia, psychosis, depression, mania,
epilepsy, acute and chronic renal failure, hypertension, angina, congestive
heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart
failure, peptic ulcer, anemias, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, urinary tract
infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Wherever applicable the molecular
basis should be discussed.
Fundamentals
of general pharmacology:
Dosage forms and routes of
administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, factors
modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; Pharmacogenetics; Principles
of Basic and Clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, Distribution, Metabolism
and Excretion of drugs, Adverse Drug Reactions; Bioassay of Drugs and
Biological Standardization; Discovery and development of new drugs,
Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies;
Pharmacology
of Peripheral Nervous System:
Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic
and somatic), Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics,
Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and
blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic Agents.
Pharmacology
of Central Nervous System:
Neurohumoral transmission in the
C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives, Hypnotics,
Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants,
Psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs and hallucinogens,
Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Analgesics,
Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, Drug
Addiction and Drug Abuse.
Pharmacology
of Cardiovascular System:
Drugs used in the management of
congestive cardiac failure, Antihypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal and
Vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic
antagonists, Anti-arrhythmic drugs, Anti-hyperlipedemic drugs, Drugs used in
the therapy of shock.
Drugs
Acting on the Hemopoietic System:
Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Vitamin
K and hemostatic agents, Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs, Blood and plasma
volume expanders.
Drugs
acting on urinary system:
Fluid and electrolyte balance,
Diuretics.
Autacoids:
Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs,
5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and
leukotrienes, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P and other vasoactive
peptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-gout agents.
Drugs
Acting on the Respiratory System:
Anti-asthmatic drugs including
bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants.
Drugs
acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract:
Antacids, Anti-secretory and
Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and
Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives,
demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and
mucolytics.
Pharmacology
of Endocrine System:
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones,
Thyroid hormones and anti thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin
D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs,
ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens,
progesterone and oral contraceptives, Drugs acting on the uterus.
Chemotherapy:
General Principles of Chemotherapy,
Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, Antibiotics- Penicillins,
Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Tetracyclines,
Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of
tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary
tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and
other protozoal infections and Anthelmentics. Chemotherapy of malignancy and
immunosuppressive agents.
Principles
of Toxicology:
Definition of poison, general
principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to barbiturates,
opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, Heavy metals and heavy metal
antagonists.
Basic
Concepts of Pharmacotherapy:
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and
individualization of Drug therapy, Drug delivery systems and their
Biopharmaceutic & Therapeutic considerations, Drugs used during infancy and
in the elderly persons (Pediatrics & Geriatrics), Drugs used during
pregnancy, Drug induced diseases, The basics of drug interactions, General
principles of clinical toxicology, Common clinical laboratory tests and their
interpretation;
Important
Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management:
Cardio-vascular disorders-
Hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Angina, Acute myocardial infarction,
Cardiac arrhythmias.
CNS
Disorders:
Epilepsy, Parkinsonism,
Schizophrenia,
Depression
Respiratory disease-
Asthma.
Gastrointestinal
Disorders-
Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis,
Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
Endocrine
Disorders-
Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid
disorders.
Infectious
Diseases-
Tuberculosis, Urinary tract
infections, Enteric infections, Upper respiratory infections. Hematopoietic
Disorders- Anemias,
Joint
and Connective tissue disorders-
Rheumatic diseases, Gout and
Hyperuricemia.
Neoplastic
Diseases-
Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Concept of Essential Drugs and Rational Drug use.
Ø PHARMACOGNOSY
Sources
of Drugs:
Biological, marine, mineral and
plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs;
Classification
of Drugs:
Morphological, taxonomical, chemical
and pharmacological classification of drugs;
Study
of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special
reference to:
Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutacease,
Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae, Labiatae,
Cruciferae, Papaveraceae;
Cultivation,
Collection, Processing and Storage of Crude Drugs:
Factors influencing cultivation of
medicinal plants, Types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Pest management
and natural pest control agents, Plant hormones and their applications,
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
Quality
Control of Crude Drugs:
Adulteration of crude drugs and
their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological
methods and properties.
Introduction
to Active Constituents of Drugs:
Their isolation, classification and
properties.
Systematic
pharmacognostic study of the followings:
CARBOHYDRATES and derived products:
agar, guar gum acacia, Honey,
Isabagol, pectin, Starch, sterculia and Tragacanth;
Lipids:
Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter,
Codliver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice, Bran oil,
Shark liver oil and Wool fat;
RESINS:
Study of Drugs Containing Resins and
Resin Combinations like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum,
myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger;
TANNINS:
Study of tannins and tannin containing
drugs like Gambier, black catechu, gall and myrobalan;
VOLATILE
OILS:
General methods of obtaining
volatile oils from plants, Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander,
Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill,
Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian,
Musk, Palmarosa, Gaultheria, Sandal wood;
Phytochemical
Screening:
Preparation of extracts, Screening
of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids and
leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic
glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts;
FIBERS:
Study of fibers used in pharmacy
such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and asbestos.
ü Study of the biological sources,
cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents,
substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features
and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs:
GLYCOSIDE CONTAINING DRUGS:
Saponins :
Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea,
sarsaparilla, and senega.
Cardioactive
glycosides:
Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and
thevetia,
Anthraquinone
cathartics:
Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara,
Others:
Psoralea, Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga,
gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.
ALKALOID
CONTAINING DRUGS:
Pyridine-piperidine:
Tobacco, areca and lobelia.
Tropane:
Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura,
duboisia, coca and withania.
Quinoline
and Isoquinoline:
Cinchona, ipecac, opium.
Indole:
Ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica
and physostigma.
Imidazole:
Pilocarpus.
Steroidal:
Veratrum and kurchi.
Alkaloidal
Amine:
Ephedra and colchicum.
Glycoalkaloid:
Solanum.
Purines:
Coffee, tea and cola. Biological
sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes:
Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.
Studies
of Traditional Drugs:
Common vernacular names, botanical
sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacology,
categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous
drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna,
Punamava, Chitrack, Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Adusa, Atjuna,
Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha and Neem.
The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional systems of medicine.
Introduction to ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas, Gutikas, Tailas,
Chumas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.
General
Techniques of Biosynthetic Studies and Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis:
Brief
introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical
importance.
Terpenes:
monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes,
diterpenes, and triterpenoids.
Carotenoids:
a-carotenoids, ß-carotenes, vitamin
A, Xanthophylls of medicinal importance.
Glycosides:
Digitoxin, digoxin, hecogenin,
sennosides, diosgenin and sarasapogenin.
Alkaloids:
Atropine and related compounds,
Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine, Papaverine, Ephedrine, Ergot and Vinca alkaloids.
Lignans,
quassanoids and flavonoids. Role of plant-based drugs on National economy:
A brief account of plant based
industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants
in India. Utilization and production of phyto-constituents such as quinine,
calcium sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine, and tropane
alkaloids. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special
reference to sandalwood oil, mentha oil, lemon grass oil, vetiver oil, geranium
oil and eucalyptus oil. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived
products with special reference to diosgenin (disocorea), taxol (Taxus sps)
digitalis, tropane alkaloid containing plants, Papain, cinchona, Ipecac,
Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives.
Plant bitters and sweeteners.
Plant
Tissue Culture:
Historical development of plant
tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their
maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Marine
pharmacognosy:
Novel medicinal agents from marine
sources.
Natural
allergens and photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins. Herbs as health foods.
Herbal cosmetics. Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO
guidelines for the standardization of herbal drugs. [Copyright
© www.gpat.in 2009 All rights reserved.]
